An immunomodulatory peptide derived from the thymus gland, approved in several countries for hepatitis B/C and studied for immune enhancement in cancer and infectious diseases.
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an endogenous thymic peptide that enhances immune competence through activation of T cells, dendritic cells, and innate immune pathways. However, its direct impact on CD8T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in breast cancer remains…
BACKGROUND AND AIM: CD8T cell immunosenescence drives hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and impedes therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesized that combining interleukin-15 (IL-15), which rescues senescent CD8T cells peripherally, with thymosin a…
BACKGROUND: Thymosin α1 (Tα1) has been shown to improve survival in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), but its immunomodulatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated how Tα1 restores immu…
Viral reservoir presents a significant challenge in HIV-1 cure. We previously observed that Thymosin α1 (Tα1) may restrict the reservoir through the IL-15 pathway. However, the precise mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Peripheral blood mononu…
UNLABELLED: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by aggressive metastatic behavior driven through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CD1d, a non-classical MHC molecule, modulates immune responses via Natural Killer T (NKT) c…
BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G/EGJ) adenocarcinoma, but a substantial proportion of patients derive limited benefit. Thymalfasin is an immun…
To report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who developed multisystem immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after treatment with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) in combination with thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1). The patient presents with high fever,…
BACKGROUND: Despite advances in understanding sepsis pathophysiology and extensive research, few treatments effectively target its underlying immune dysfunction. Thymosin α1 (Tα1) shows promise as an immunomodulator, but its impact on sepsis remains…
Immunotherapy plays a critical role in the clinical treatment of tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by, in which immune damage promotes the occurrence and development of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of thymosin α1…
Tooth pulpitis is a prevalent oral disorder. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of pulpitis and developing effective treatment strategies hold great significance. Ferroptosis has recently emerged as a new form of cell death, but the role of ferr…
BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy shows increasing efficacy in treating metastatic malignancies; however, positive outcomes may be negatively impacted by lymphocytopenia. Previous studies suggest thymosin α1 (Tα1) may mitigate radi…
BACKGROUND: Immune and inflammatory disorders are part of the complex pathophysiological processes that exacerbate severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and subsequent infection. Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is an important immunomodulatory agent in clinical pra…
BACKGROUND: Platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer remains a major therapeutic challenge. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with chemotherapy are widely used, but clinical benefits remain limited. Thymosin α1 (Tα1), an immunomodulator…
BACKGROUND: The immune-balancing role of thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is well-recognized in contexts of immune dysregulation. Within the anti-tumor context, Tα1 demonstrated to act as an immune-enhancer, with potential roles in immunotherapy-based treatmen…
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract, causing severe inflammation and tissue damage. Current treatments often have adverse effects, underscoring the need for alternatives. This article is a sho…
The strong immunosuppression and immune evasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) result in poor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. In this study, the PD-1 level on CD8T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with PDAC was significan…
BACKGROUND: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by consolidative immunotherapy represents the standard of care for unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC), but critical challenges persist: a considerable number of…
INTRODUCTION: Patients with locally advanced gastric cancer often face postoperative complications and insufficient short-term outcomes. Understanding the changes in peripheral lymphocyte subsets following laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy is critical to a…
Aging is characterized by immune decline, mainly due to thymic involution-the age-related shrinkage of the thymus gland. This leads to reduced T-cell production, chronic inflammation, and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Thymosin alp…
INTRODUCTION: Sepsis, a severe infectious disease, is characterized by high mortality and significant therapeutic challenges. This study aims to systematically review the impact of immunomodulatory therapy on sepsis-related mortality and create an ev…