A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity.
BACKGROUND: The increasing use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss and metabolic improvements has led to the recognition of various side effects. One potential, yet underexplored, adverse effect is hair loss. This study aims to investigate the…
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based obesity pharmacotherapies have revolutionized obesity treatment. In this review, we discuss the discovery of GLP-1 and evaluate the efficacy of marketed and investigational GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1…
OBJECTIVE: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown both protective and adverse effects on ocular outcomes. Tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RA, achieves greater glycemic and cardiom…
The number of patients taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) is increasing. Beyond diabetes and weight management, these medications have various effects within the head and neck with both beneficial and potentially adverse clin…
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are increasingly used for weight management and cardiometabolic health. Common peroneal neuropathy (CPN) associated with rapid weight loss is attributed to adipose tissue reduction and subsequent n…
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Overweight and obesity are increasingly common in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology and mechanisms linking excess adiposity with T1DM, the obesity-as…
Tirzepatide, a dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, represents a new class of incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and related comorbidities. Thi…
The aggregation of the 42-residue form of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is important in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical and clinical findings support that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) can protect against neuroinflammation a…
OBJECTIVE: To identify and summarize the most impactful medical articles published in 2025 relevant to primary care. SELECTING THE EVIDENCE: The Patients, Experience, Evidence, Research (PEER) team, a Canadian evidence-based medicine research group w…
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is the leading global cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease. Although cardiovascular outcomes have improved substantially, renal risk remains high. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor a…
Recent retrospective cohort studies showed that use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) increased the incident risk of diabetic retinopathy and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Furthermore, it was r…
BACKGROUND: Incretin-based therapies such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ras), dual GLP-1/GIP agonists and amylin analogues have demonstrated significant weight loss benefits. However, their impact on skeletal muscle mitochondrial…
Obesity is a global epidemic, posing significant challenges to individual health and healthcare systems. This article explores the pharmacology of incretin-based therapies beyond single receptor agonists and focuses on their emerging role in obesity…
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease. Rates of obesity are rising worldwide. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity, as it results in the greatest weight loss as well as significant improvement in or resolution of obesi…
INTRODUCTION: Tirzepatide is a treatment for type 2 diabetes associated with improvements in glycemic control and weight loss, and a low risk of hypoglycemia when not used in combination with insulin or insulin secretagogues. A cost to target analysi…
Cardiovascular outcome trials of the incretin-based medicines tirzepatide and semaglutide have shown benefits in populations with varying levels of cardiovascular risk. However, without direct head-to-head comparisons, treatment decisions rely on ind…
The development of scalable and efficient manufacturing of high-volume complex synthetic peptides and proteins, like tirzepatide (TZP, 1), faces major hurdles due to the limitations of traditional Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) and Liquid Phase…
BACKGROUND: Peptide therapeutics represent an emerging frontier in gerontological medicine, targeting fundamental hallmarks of aging including metabolic dysfunction, telomere attrition, tissue repair impairment, and hormonal decline. OBJECTIVE: To co…
BACKGROUND: Obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of adipose tissue; however, the extent to which these pathological features persist during pharmacologically induced weight loss remains poorly understood. This study investiga…