The occurrence of putative cognitive enhancing research peptides in seized pharmaceutical preparations: An incentive for controlling agencies to prepare for future encounters of the kind.

At the end of 2017 and 2018 two different unknown suspicious preparations were encountered and were subjected to a plethora of different analyses in order to identify, if present, any bioactive compound. It turned out that these samples contained the assumedly cognitive enhancing research peptides Selank and Semax, which, to our knowledge, have not completed any clinical trials. Moreover, an online search, excluding the dark web, demonstrated that these kinds of nootropic research peptides are freely available either as lyophilized powder for injection purposes or are present in nasal sprays. It stands to reason that controlling laboratories need to anticipate the uprising of these types of potentially dangerous molecules and must therefore be able to correctly identify these compounds. Therefore, these findings served as an incentive to develop a novel combined liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) methodology, applicable to both hydrophilic or more hydrophobic peptides, which was utilized to analyze a total of 10 putative cognitive enhancing polypeptides, with variable biochemical characteristics, that are currently being sold online. The screening rationale, complying to the recommendation paper of the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL) network on the interpretation of screening results for unknown peptides by mass spectrometry, was also validated in different matrices as required by ISO 17025.